![]() Instrumental, or operant, conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that reinforcement occurs only after the organism executes a predesignated behavioral act. When no US is used to initiate the specific act to be conditioned, the required behaviour is known as an operant; once it occurs with regularity, it is also regarded as a conditioned response to correspond to its counterpart in classical conditioning. |
![]() Describe in detail the nature of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and the response, using the appropriate psychological terms. If post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD is a type of classical conditioning, how might psychologists use the principles of classical conditioning to treat the disorder? |
![]() In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. In the after conditioning phase, the conditioned stimulus alone triggers the conditioned response. Behaviorists have described a number of different phenomena associated withclassical conditioning. |
![]() operant conditioning conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response. counter conditioning conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus; counter" conditioning lies behind many of the procedures used in behavior therapy." |
![]() Skinner's' views of Operant Conditioning. a Operant Conditioning is different from Classical Conditioning in that the behaviors studied in Classical Conditioning are reflexive for example, salivating. However, the behaviors studied and governed by the principles of Operant Conditioning are non-reflexive for example, gambling. |
![]() The term used to describe the conditioning of actions involving glands or involuntary muscles is interoceptive conditioning Lefrancois, 1995. Pavlov's' conditioned reflex experiments played a role in the development of behaviourist theory introduced by John Watson around 1913. Higher Order Conditioning. |
![]() Describe in detail the nature of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and the response, using the appropriate psychological terms. If post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD is a type of classical conditioning, how might psychologists use the principles of classical conditioning to treat the disorder? |
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![]() For example, if the drug has always been administered in the same room, the stimuli provided by that room may produce a conditioned compensatory effect; then an overdose reaction may happen if the drug is administered in a different location where the conditioned stimuli are absent. |